REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIVES FOR ALERT LEVEL 4 IN TERMS OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT

Due to the downward scaling of the alert level from 5 to 4, Dr Nkosazana Diamini Zuma, Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, designated under section 3 of the Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act No. 57 of 2002), issued amended and published regulations in accordance with level 4 in Government Gazette No. 43258 on 29 April 2020.

Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Department of/ Samewerkede These regulations now allow a wider variety of businesses to resume operations.

Employers should take notice of these sectors in order to determine whether they be open for business again. Despite the relaxations, all persons who are able to work from home should do so.

Persons in the following list of industries and activities will be permitted to perform work outside the home, and to travel to and from work, under Alert Level 4, subject to-

1. strict health protocols, and social distancing rules;

• return to work to be phased in to enable measures to make the workplace COVID- ready; and

• return to work to be done in a manner that avoids and reduces risks of infection.

Where an entire division is permitted, it should be assumed that all subgroupings are permitted as well. Where only certain subgroupings are specifically permitted within a division, it should be assumed that other subgroupings are not.

and Service Operations; and Personal

Movement

All COVID-19 health and safety protocols must be followed at all times, including observance of guidelines for social distancing, sanitation and hygiene, and use of appropriate personal protective equipment, like cloth face masks, as determined by the National Department of Health.

People may travel to perform and acquire services only where such services cannot be provided from the safety of one’s home.

A reference to a permitted level of employment must take into account the necessary social distancing guidelines as per the National Department of Health.

PART A

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY AND FISHING

1. All agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, bee -keeping, including preparation, cultivation, harvesting, storage, transport of live animals and auctions (subject to health directions) and related agricultural infrastructure and services (including research, inspection, certification and quality control).

• All fishing, operation of fish hatcheries and fish farms, on such conditions as may be issued in directions by the cabinet members responsible for the environment, forestry and fisheries.

• Harvesting and storage activities essential to prevent the wastage of primary agricultural, fishing and forestry goods.

• Export of all agricultural, agro-processed, fishing and forestry products.

PART B

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

1. All electricity, gas and water supply is permitted.

PART C

MANUFACTURING

1. Manufacture of wholesale and retail products permitted to be sold under Alert Level 4, and all input products, permitted scaling up to full employment, except where otherwise indicated, and subject to strict health protocols.

• Manufacture of paper and paper products, excluding stationery, permitted scaling up to full employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Manufacture of plastics and packaging, including glass, plastic bottles and containers, permitted scaling up to full employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Petroleum refineries, smelters, and furnaces permitted scaling up to full employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Manufacture of winter clothing, footwear, bedding and heaters (and all inputs required, including textiles) permitted, commencing at 25% and scaling up to 50% employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Manufacturing of automotives, steel and other metals, rail and shipbuilding (including components), scaling up in phases to 50% employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Stationery production, scaling up in phases to 50% employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• Cement, other construction material, and hardware scaling up in phases to 50% employment and subject to strict health protocols.

• All other manufacturing, scaling up to 30% employment and subject to strict health protocols.

PART D

CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED SERVICES (INC. TRADES PERSONS)

1. Civil engineering for public works projects (including water, energy, sanitation).

• Public works in civil engineering and construction works.

• Road and bridge projects, including local road repairs.

• Critical maintenance and repairs.

PART E

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, COVERING STORES, SPAZA SHOPS, E-COMMERCE AND INFORMAL TRADERS

1.    Food products, including non -alcoholic beverages and animal food.

• The sale of hot cooked food, only for home delivery.

• Toilet Paper, sanitary pads, sanitary tampons, and condoms.

• Hand sanitiser, disinfectants, soap, alcohol for industrial use, household cleaning products, and personal protective equipment.

• Products for the care of babies and toddlers.

• Personal toiletries, including hair care, body, face, hand and foot care products, roll-ons, deodorants, dental care products.

• Medical and Hospital Supplies, medicine, equipment and personal protective

       equipment.

• Fuel and lighting, including coal, wood, paraffin and gas.

• Airtime and electricity.

1. Hardware, components and supplies.

1. Components for vehicles undergoing emergency repairs

12. Chemicals, packaging and ancillary products used in the production of any these products listed in Part E.

13. Textiles required to produce face masks and other personal protective equipment and winter clothing.

14. Winter clothing, footwear, bedding and heaters and the components and fabrics required to manufacture these.

15. Children’s clothing and fabrics and components required to manufacture these.

16. Stationery and educational books.

17. Personal ICT equipment including computers, mobile telephones and other home office equipment.

18. No sale of liquor permitted.

Directions may permit the incremental expansion of e-Commerce, taking into account the need to limit the extent of movement on the road, contact between people, law- enforcement challenges and the impact on other businesses.

PART F

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES

1.    All telecommunication services and infrastructure.

Information and Communication Technology services for all private and business customers.

2.    Postal services and courier services for all permitted Alert Level 4 services.

PART G

MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT SERVICES

1. Online services.

• Productions for local broadcast and live streaming of creative sector services in support of COVID -19 subject to directions.

• Newspapers and broadcasting.

PART H

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS SERVICES

1. Employees should work from home where possible.

• Essential financial services may operate, subject to directions issued by the relevant Cabinet member, including the following services necessary to maintain the functioning of a financial system as defined in section 1(1) of the        Financial Sector Regulation Act, only when the operation of a place of business or entity is necessary to continue to perform those services:

1. the banking environment (including the operations of mutual banks, cooperative banks, cooperative financial institutions and the Postbank);

1. the payments environment;

1. the financial markets (including market infrastructures licensed under the Financial Markets Act, 2012 (Act No. 19 of 2012);

1. the insurance environment;

• the savings and investment environment;

• pension fund administration;

• outsourced administration;

• medical schemes administration; and

1. additional services designated in terms of regulation 11B (4A) (c) (i).

The services listed above may not include debt collection services.

•  Services necessary for the provision of social grants.

•  Private security services may operate.

•  Implementation of payroll systems.

•  Car sales under specific directions

• Chauffeur services, rental of motor vehicles, driven vehicles, machinery and equipment, and of goods to support other Alert Level 4 services.

• Call centres, for local and all international markets, may operate subject to directions issued by the relevant cabinet members.

• Other professional services may operate only where work -from -home is not possible, and only to support other Alert Level 4 services.

PART I

ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES PERMITTED

1. Accommodation not permitted, except for quarantine and essential services Restaurants only for food delivery services (9H00- 19H00) and subject to the restriction on movement (no sit down or pick -up allowed).

PART J

TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES PERMITTED

1. Ocean, rail, road and air transport of goods permitted only for activities set out in Regulation 22(1).

• Public rail, minibus taxi and bus services will resume at Alert Levels and on terms as will be set out in Directions, based on the progressive increase in commuter numbers during the various phases.

• E- hailing services subject to restrictions on capacity and times, and for permitted activities only.

• Transport and logistics in respect of specified cargo specified in J1, and permitted retail goods to neighbouring countries, which shall include all goods imported via SA ports of entry, for re-export to neighbouring countries.

PART K

MINING AND QUARRYING

1. Coal production for Eskom scaling up to full employment.

Opencast mining scaling up to a baseline of 50% and thereafter scaling up to full employment.

• All other mining starting in batches scaling up towards 50% employment.

PART L

REPAIR AND RELATED EMERGENCY SERVICES PERMITTED

1. Tow trucks and vehicle recovery services.

       Emergency repair work, including plumbers, electricians, locksmiths, glaziers, roof repair work.

•  Emergency automobile repairs for all persons.

PART M

SUPPLY CHAINS

1. Production, manufacturing, supply, logistics, transport, delivery and critical 1 maintenance and repair of goods and services (including components and equipment) required for the production or rendering of permitted goods and services

• All workplaces or premises must have care and maintenance that is essential to the prevention of the destruction or significant impairment of working 2 machinery or inventory areas, plant, or to permit orderly wind-down arrangements, on such conditions as may be issued by means of directions by the relevant cabinet members.

PART N

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS’ EMPLOYMENT

1. Live-in staff, and staff providing care to the sick, mentally ill, elderly, people with disabilities and children.

PART O

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, GOVERNMENT SERVICES AND OTHER ARMS

OF THE STATE

1. Only essential government and administration services may operate, including:

• Disaster management services.

• Licensing, permitting, deeds, masters offices. birth and death certificates, replacement identification documents

• Any other service designated by the Executive Authority, HODs, Heads of Courts, and Heads of other Chapter 9 Institutions.

• Essential municipal services.

• Services related to the functioning of courts; the State Capture Commission.

       Essential SARS services defined by the Commissioner of SARS.

• Police, peace officers, traffic officers, military medical personnel and soldiers, correctional services officials and traffic management services.

• Services rendered by the Executive. members of Parliament, Members of the Provincial Legislature, Members of Local Councils, the Judiciary, traditional leaders and National Office Bearers of Political Parties represented in Parliament.

• Commissioners of the South African Human Rights Commission, Gender Commission. the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities, the Public Protector and Deputy Public Protector and the Independent Electoral Commission.

PART P

HEALTH, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES

1.  Medical and veterinary services permitted.

• Cleaning, sanitation, pest control, sewerage, waste and refuse removal services.

• Recycling of glass, paper, plastic, metal, tyres and such others as determined by directions, are permitted at 50% capacity. Informal recyclers will be permitted to resume operations.

• All Social work, counselling, services supporting gender-based violence, care and relief activities permitted.

• Wildlife Management, Anti-poaching, Animal Care and Veterinary Services.

• Funeral services, including mortuaries services and the transportation of mortal remains.

• Trade union essential staff for workers covered by Alert Level 4, subject to Directions.

PART Q

EDUCATION SERVICES

Permitted on dates and schedule set out separately.

REQUIREMENT TO BE COMPLIED WITH BEFORE AND WHILE BUSINESS RESUMES

The Minister of Employment and Labour issued Directives in terms of Regulation 10(8) of the National Disaster Regulations.

The purpose of these directives is to stipulate measures that must be taken by employers in order to protect the health and safety of workers and members of the public who enter their workplaces or are exposed to their working activities.

These directives seek to ensure that the measures taken by employers under OHSA are consistent with the overall national strategies and policies to minimise the spread of COVID-19. The OHSA, read with its regulations and incorporated standards, requires the employer to provide and maintain as far as is reasonably practicable a working environment that is safe and without risks to the health of workers and to take such steps as may be reasonably practicable to eliminate or mitigate the hazard or potential hazard.

The OHSA further requires employers, to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that all persons who may be directly affected by their activities (such as customers, clients or contractors and their workers who enter their workplace or come into contact with their employees) are not exposed to hazards to their health or safety. This obligation also applies to self-employed persons (for example, plumbers or electricians) whose working activities bring them into contact with members of the public.

For the purposes of OHSA in the workplaces to which this Directive applies, the identifiable hazard relating to COVID-19 is that workers face is the transmission by an infected person to workers in the workplace. In workplaces to which the public has access, the hazard includes the transmission of the virus by members of the public. Each situation requires special measures to be implemented by employers in order to prevent the transmission of the virus.

Although OHSA requires employers to review and update risk assessments on a regular basis, the new hazard posed by COVID-19 is clearly identifiable and the basic measures to eliminate or minimise the risk are now well known2. The object of conducting or updating a risk assessment in respect of COVID-19 is to provide a specific focus on COVID-19 and adopt the measures required by this Directive to specific working environments taking into account the Risk Assessment Guides published online by the National Department of Health.

These Directives is based on infection transmission prevention and specific occupational hygiene practices that focus on the need for employers to implement measures to mitigate or eliminate the transmission of the virus in the workplace.

It also does not reduce the existing obligations of the employer in terms of OHSA nor prevent an employer from implementing more stringent measures in order to prevent the spread of the virus.

­For purposes of these Directives:

a “worker” means any person who works in an employer’s workplace including an employee of the employer or contractor, a self-employed person or volunteer.

“workplace” means any premises or place where a person performs work.

APPLICATION

These Directives, subject to clause 13, applies to employers and workers in respect

of-

1. the manufacturing, supply or provision of essential goods or essential services, as defined in Schedule 2 of the Regulations issued in terms of section 27(2) of the Disaster Management Act; and

2.    any workplace permitted to continue or commence operations before the expiry of those Regulations.

It does not apply to workplaces-

1. excluded from the OHSA in terms of section 1(3) of the OHSA;

• in which medical and health care services as defined in Schedule 2 in the Regulations issued in terms of section 27(2) of the Disaster Management Act (other than retail pharmacies) are performed;

• in respect of which another Minister has issued a directive under those Regulations dealing with health and safety.

Subject to the employer’s obligations under OHSA to conduct a risk assessment, employers with less than 10 employees need only apply the measures set out in clause 40 of the Directive.

Period of application:

The Directive remains in force for as long as the declaration of a national disaster published in Government Gazette 43096 on 15 March 2020 remains in force.

Administrative measures:

Every employer must establish the following administrative measures:

1. It must undertake a risk assessment to give effect to the minimum measures required by this Directive taking into account the specific circumstances of the workplace.

• If the employer employs more than 500 employees, that employer must submit a record of its risk assessment together with a written policy concerning the protection of the health and safety of its employees from COVID-19 as contemplated in section 7(1) of OHSA to-

2.1 Its health and safety committee established in terms of section 19 of OHSA; and

• The Department of Employment and Labour;

• It must notify all workers of the contents of this Directive and the manner in which it intends to implement it;

• It must notify its employees that if they are sick or have symptoms associated with the COVID–19 that they must not come to work and to take paid sick leave in terms of section 22 of the BCEA;

• It must appoint a manager to address employee or workplace representative concerns and to keep them informed and, in any workplace in which a health and safety committee has been elected, consult with that committee on the nature of the hazard in that workplace and the measures that need to be taken;

• It must ensure that the measures required by this Directive and its risk assessment plan strictly comply with thorough monitoring and supervision;

• It must, as far as practicable, minimize the number of workers on at the workplace at any given time through the rotation, staggered working hours, shift systems, remote working arrangements or similar measures in order to achieve social distancing, as contemplated in clause 17 of the Directive;

• It must take measures to minimize contact between workers as well as between workers and members of the public;

•  It must provide workers with information that raises awareness in any form or manner, including where reasonably practicable leaflets and notices placed in conspicuous places in the workplace informing workers of the dangers of the virus, the manner of its transmission, the measures to prevent transmission such as personal hygiene, social distancing, use of masks, cough etiquette and where to go for screening or testing if presenting with the symptoms;

1. If a worker has been diagnosed with COVID-19, an employer must:

10.1  inform the Department of Health5 and the Department of Employment and      Labour; and

10.2 investigate the cause including any control failure and review its risk assessment to ensure that the necessary controls and PPE requirements are in place; and

10.3 it must give administrative support to any contact-tracing measures implemented by the Department of Health.

Social distancing measures:

1. Every employer must arrange the workplace to ensure minimal contact between workers and as far as practicable ensure that there is a minimum of one and a half metres between workers while they are working, for example, at their workstations. Depending on the circumstances of the workplace or the nature of the sector, the minimum distance may need to be longer. Reducing the number of workers present in the workplace at any time in terms of clause 16.5 may assist in achieving the required social distancing.

2.    If it is not practicable to arrange work stations to be spaced at least one and a half metres apart, the employer must-

2.1 arrange physical barriers to be placed between work stations or erected   on work stations to form a solid physical barrier between workers while they are working; or

2.2 if necessary, supply the employee free of charge with appropriate PPE based on a risk assessment of the working place.

3.    Every employer must ensure that social distancing measures are implemented through supervision both in the workplace and in the common areas outside the immediate workplace through queue control or within the workplace such as canteens and lavatories. These measures may include dividing the workforce into groups or staggering break-times to avoid the concentration of workers in common areas.

Health and safety measures:

Every employer must implement the following health and safety measures.

Symptom screenings:

1. Every employer must take measures to-

1.1 screen any worker, at the time that they report for work, to ascertain whether they have any of the observable symptoms associated with      COVID-19, namely fever, cough, sore throat, redness of eyes or      shortness of breath (or difficulty in breathing);

1.2 require every worker to report whether they suffer from any of the following additional symptoms: body aches, loss of smell or loss of taste, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue, weakness or tiredness; and

1.3 require workers to immediately inform the employer if they experience any of the symptoms in sub-clauses 1.1 and 1.2 while at work.

2.    Employers must comply with any guidelines issued by the National       Department of Health in consultation with the Department in respect of –

     2.1 symptom screening; and

     2.2 For more specific guidelines see Department of Health “Guidelines for symptom monitoring and management of essential workers for COVID-19 related infection”.

• if in addition required to do so, medical surveillance and testing.

 4. If a worker presents with those symptoms or advises the employer of these symptoms, the employer must –

•      not permit the worker to enter the workplace or report for work; or

•      if the worker is already at work immediately-

4.2.1 isolate the worker, provide the worker with an FFP1 surgical mask and arrange for the worker to be transported in a manner that does not place other workers or members of the public at risk either to be self-isolated or for a medical examination or testing; and

4.2.2   assess the risk of transmission, disinfect the area and the worker’s workstation, refer those workers who may be at risk for screening and take any other appropriate measure to prevent possible transmission;

4.2.3   ensure that the worker is tested or referred to an identified testing site;

4.2.4  place its employee on paid sick leave in terms of section 22 of the BCEA

       or

       if the employee’s sick leave entitlement under the section is exhausted, apply for an illness benefit in terms of clause 4 of the Directive issued on 25 March 2020 on the COVID-19 Temporary Employer Relief Scheme under regulation 10(8) of      the Regulations promulgated in terms of section 27(2) of the Disaster Management Act;

4.2.5  ensure that the employee is not discriminated against on grounds of having tested positive for COVID-19 in terms of section 6 of the Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act No. 55 of 1998);

5.   if there is evidence that the worker contracted COVID-19 as a result of occupational exposure, lodge a claim for compensation in terms of the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, 1993 (Act No. 130 of 1993) in accordance with Notice 193 published on 3 March 2020. 24.

6. If a worker has been diagnosed with COVID-19 and isolated in accordance with the Department of Health Guidelines, an employer may only allow a worker to return to work on the following conditions:

6.1 The worker has undergone a medical evaluation confirming that the                      worker has been tested negative for COVID-19;

6.2  the employer ensures that personal hygiene, wearing of masks, social distancing, and cough etiquette is strictly adhered to by the worker; and

6.3 the employer closely monitors the worker for symptoms on return to work.

Sanitizers, disinfectants and other measures:

1.  A hand sanitizer must be one that has at least 70% alcohol content and is in accordance with the recommendations of the Department of Health.

• Every employer must, free of charge, ensure that –

2.1  there are sufficient quantities of hand sanitizer based on the number of workers or other persons who access the workplace at the entrance of, and in, the workplace which the workers or other persons are required            to use;

2.2 every employee who works away from the workplace, other than at home, must be provided with an adequate supply of hand sanitizer.

If a worker interacts with the public, the employer must provide the worker with sufficient supplies of hand-sanitizer at that worker’s workstation for both the worker and the person with whom the worker is interacting.

• Every employer must take measures to ensure that-

3.1    all work surfaces and equipment are disinfected before work begins, regularly during the working period and after work ends;

• all areas such as toilets, common areas, door handles, shared     electronic equipment are regularly cleaned and disinfected;

• disable biometric systems or make them COVID-19-proof.

• The employer must ensure that-

4.1    there are adequate facilities for the washing of hands with soap and clean water;

4.2    only paper towels are provided to dry hands after washing – the use of fabric towelling is prohibited;

4.3    the workers are required to wash their hands and sanitize their hands regularly while at work;

4.4    the workers interacting with the public are instructed to sanitize their hands between each interaction with the public;

4.5    surfaces that workers and members of the public come into contact with are routinely cleaned and disinfected.

Cloth masks:

1.    The main benefit of everyone wearing a cloth mask is to reduce the number of virus droplets being coughed up by those with the infection and transmitted to others and to surfaces that others may touch. Since some persons with the virus may not have symptoms or may not know they have it, the Department of Health requires that all persons wear cloth masks when in a public place.

• For the reasons underlying the Department of Health’s requirement, every

employer must –

2.1 provide each of its employees, free of charge, with a minimum of two cloth masks, which comply with the requirement set out in the Guidelines issued by the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition, for the employee to wear while at work and while commuting to and from work; and

2.2 require any other worker to wear masks in the workplace.

3.    The number and replaceability of cloth masks that must be provided to an employee or required of other workers must be determined in accordance with any sectoral guideline and in the light of the employee or worker’s conditions of work, in particular, where these may result in the mask becoming wet or soiled.

4.    Every employer must ensure that workers are informed, instructed, trained and instructed as to the correct use of cloth masks.

5.    An employer must make appropriate arrangements for the washing, drying and

       ironing of cloth masks in accordance with the Guidelines referred in clause 31.1

       recommendations.

6.    The general requirement for workers to wear masks does not derogate from the

       fact that, where a risk assessment indicates that PPE is required, those categories of workers must be provided with the accredited PPE in accordance with Department of Health guidelines.

Measures in respect of workplaces to which public have access:

1.    The principal purpose of the measures contained in the following clause is to protect workers from being exposed to the virus through their interaction with the public and to protect members of the public from being exposed to the virus through their interaction with workers or other persons present in such a         workplace.

• Depending on what is reasonably practicable given the nature of the workplace,

       every employer must:

2.1 arrange the workplace to ensure that there is a distance at least one and             a half metres between workers and members of the public or between members of the public; or

2.2  put in place physical barriers or provide workers with face shields or visors;

2.3  if appropriate, undertake symptom screening measures of persons other than the employees entering the workplace with due regard to available technology and any guidelines issued by the Department of Health;

2.4  if appropriate, display notices advising persons other than employees entering the workplace of the precautions they are required to observe while in the workplace;

2.5 require members of the public, including suppliers, to wear masks when inside their premises.

Ventilation:

1. Every employer must –

1.1  keep the workplace well ventilated by natural or mechanical means to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load;

1.2 where reasonably practicable, have an effective local extraction ventilation system with high-efficiency particulate air HEPA filters, which is regularly cleaned and maintained, and its vents do not feed back in through open windows;

1.3 ensure that filters are cleaned and replaced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions by a competent person.

Other PPE:

1. Every employer must check regularly on the websites of the National Department

       of Health9, National Institute of Communicable Diseases10 and the National Institute for Occupational Health11 whether any additional PPE is required or recommended in any guidelines given the nature of the workplace or the nature of a worker’s duties.

SMALL BUSINESSES

Employers with less than 10 employees must take the following measures:

1. arrange the workplace to ensure that employees are at least one and half

       metres apart or, if not practicable, place physical barriers between them to

       prevent the possible transmission of the virus;

• ensure that employees that present with the symptoms set out in clause 21

       are not permitted to work;

• immediately contact the COVID-19 hotline: 0800 02 9999 for instruction and

       direct the employee to act in accordance with those instructions;

• provide cloth masks or require an employee to wear some form of cloth

       covering over their mouth and nose while at work;

• provide each employee with hand sanitizers, soap and clean water to wash

       their hands and disinfectants to sanitize their workstations;

• ensure that each employee while at work washes with soap and sanitizes their hands; and

• ensure that their workstations are disinfected regularly;

• take any other measures indicated by a risk assessment.

Worker obligations:

1. In addition to the obligations of employees under the OHSA, every worker is obliged to comply with measures introduced by their employer as required by this Directive.

Monitoring and enforcing the Directive:

2. An inspector designated in terms of section 28 of OHSA may perform any of the functions in section 29 of OHSA and exercise any of the powers listed in section 30 of OHSA in order to monitor compliance with this Directive.

SEESA has appointed a team of experts who are currently drafting all the necessary documents, forms and guidelines needed to be compliant with the above Directives and the OHS Act. It will be published soon.